June
13
2011
The chemistry is concerned with the properties of elements and compounds, with the possible conversion of a substance to another, makes predictions about the properties of previously unknown compounds, methods, provides for the synthesis of new compounds and methods for deciphering the chemical composition of unknown samples.
Although all substances of comparatively few “device types”, namely from about 80 to 100 of the 118 known elements are constructed, the different combinations and arrangements of the elements to a few million very different compounds, in turn, as different forms of matter such as water, sand, plant and animal tissue or synthetic materials (eg PVC) building. The nature of the composition eventually determined the chemical and physical properties of substances and thus makes the chemical to an extensive science.
Progress in the various fields of chemistry are often the prerequisite for new knowledge in other disciplines, particularly in the fields of biology and medicine , but also in the field of physics and engineering . They also often allow for many industrial products to reduce production costs. For example, lead improved catalysts to faster reactions and thus to save time and energy in the industry. Newly discovered reactions or substances can replace old and also of interest in science and industry are thus.
Chemistry in medicine means to research chemicals and search for new drugs and in products to improve human health.
The engineering sciences are often looking for tailor-made depending on the application materials (lightweight materials for aircraft construction, durable and resilient materials, high purity semiconductor …). Their synthesis is one of the tasks of chemistry.
In physics, for example, are required to carry out experiments often high-purity substances, require the production of special synthesis methods.
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August
8
2010
WHAT IS DONE?
chemical m&a
The blood tests are used routinely to aid diagnosis of diseases or health check.
Through the analysis can detect the presence of many common and uncommon diseases such as anemia, diabetes infections, but can also give exposure to other less frequent and more serious as leukemia or other cancers.
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON?
The analysis most frequently used are blood, among them the usual routine is a complete blood count (CBC or blood count) and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and a biochemical study in which measure blood glucose (sugar blood), uric acid, urea, transaminases, bilirubin, electrolytes, etc…
TECHNICAL DIRECTION
To perform this analysis requires a prior preparation, and in general it is recommended to fast from 10 to 12 hours prior. Making can be done in an appropriate place (see, clinic, hospital) but sometimes is done in the home of the patient.
For making is needed to locate a suitable vein, and in general, the veins are used in the elbow. The person taking the sample used medical gloves, a needle (with a syringe or tube removal).
We put a Tortor (rubber band-latex) on the arm to keep more blood veins and appear more visible and accessible.
Clean the puncture area with antiseptic and palpation locates the vein properly and you’ll get to it with the needle. Let go of Tortora. When blood flow through the needle, the toilet will make a vacuum (by syringe or by applying a vacuum tube).
If several samples are required for different types of analysis will be drawn more or less blood or apply different vacuum tubes.
After the shot, the needle is removed and you press the area with a cotton swab or similar to promote clotting and instructed to flex the arm and keep the area down with a plaster for a few hours.
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April
12
2011
Atoms are made of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, which is surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The electrons can move around and join other atoms. For most atoms, the nucleus is stable and wonât change, but for some atoms, thatâs not the case.
Some atoms have an unstable nucleus. Maybe they have too many neutrons, or not enough neutrons, or they are just too big to hold themselves together. Any unstable nucleus will eventually decay, emitting small parts of the nucleus, or split into several different atoms. This decay changes the original atom into a completely different atom or atoms, which may or may not be stable. Radiation is the name given to some of the bits of atom that are emitted.
Unstable atoms donât need any outside trigger to decay. In fact, itâs impossible to predict exactly when an unstable atom will decay â the timing is random. But although the timing for each atom is random, we can make predictions about how a lot of atoms will decay.
By watching a lot of unstable atoms at the same time, we can measure how long it takes for half of them to decay. This length of time is called a half-life. During another half-lifeâs time, half of the remaining atoms will also decay, leaving you with only one quarter of the atoms you started with. After another half-life then half of that quarter will have decayed, and so on.
The atoms donât all decay at the end of their half-life. Some of them will decay almost instantly, some will decay later. Also, the atoms donât get more unstable as time passes â thereâs still a fifty-fifty chance over any half-life period of time that an individual atom will decay. Half-lives arenât the same for all atoms. Iodine-131, which comes from uranium, has a half-life of around eight days, whereas plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24 100 years, and some atoms have half-lives that are much longer than that.
Carbon Dating
Heavy elements such as uranium are often radioactive, but other smaller elements can have radioactive forms too. Radiation from space turns nitrogen-14 into radioactive carbon-14, which is found in every living thing on Earth. When an animal or plant dies, it stops getting more carbon-14. As the carbon-14 decays, it turns into nitrogen-14 again. This decay has a half-life of around 5730 years, so if scientists find a dead animal, or a wooden tool with half the carbon-14 they expected to find, then those objects are probably over 5000 years old.
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March
29
2011
It seems that the removal of carbon dioxide with the sea water and calcium, as well as the subsequent introduction of calcium bicarbonate in seawater, could be beneficial for ocean biosphere.
Greg Rau, senior scientist at the Oceanographic Institute of the University of California at Santa Cruz, who works at Lawrence Livermore National Institute on Program control carbon emissions, made a series of laboratory experiments in order to verify whether the combination of sea water and mineral carbonate or limestone is effectively removing a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide and whether the final product of such reactions (dissociated calcium carbonate) is stored in the oceans where it can be usefull for life in the oceans. Rau has successfully removed 97% of carbon dioxide from the simulated flow of gas. Most carbon was successfully converted into dissociated calcium bicarbonate. This process could be easily applied in industry. It begins with hydration of carbon dioxide with water, resulting the carbonic acid. Carbonic acid then reacts with the limestone, which becomes calcium bicarbonate, which is eventually released into the ocean. Although this process occurs in nature, in these conditions is much too slow and insufficiently effective.
“This is a trial version accelerating the natural process of removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,” said Rau. “Given enough time, the lime from sea water will remove most of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Why can`t we speed up this process? Especially when it is not an expensive investment.” When carbon dioxide is reacted with a fine-grained limestone and seawater, and if the resulting solution is then released into the ocean, we would not only eliminate excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but would increase the alkalinity of the ocean. This would stop the process of rapid acidification of sea water. Earlier studies have shown that the ocean acidification may cause degradation of shell fish, mollusks and crustaceans, it may slow down process of growth and reproduction of marine animals and plants and reduce the diversity of the biosphere. “This process not only solves the problem of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , but could help in the fight against the acidification of the oceans. To proof this theory it is necessary to conduct research at much higher level. ”
Rau also said that it should be applied in thermal power plants located near the seashore. These plants are already using large amounts of seawater for cooling systems. The sea water could be used to cheaply remove at least part of carbon dioxide. “Thanks to this approach, the plant could continue to use fossil fuels such as natural gas, but with a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. This approach is much cheaper and environmentally friendly at the same time.” Financial support for this research is provided by the Commission on Energy State of California as part of the grants small contributions, innovations in energy and the LLNL.
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